Bits, Bytes, and Prefixes
All computers store data in a binary format as either a one or zero. Eight of these bits together form a byte. The various amounts of storage capacity are defined by a prefix that represents a specific amount, similar to the metric prefixes. Since all computers use binary math, these prefixes represent base-2 amounts. Each level is an increment of 2 to the 10th power or 1,024. The common prefixes are as follows:
Kilobyte (KB) = 1,024 bytesMegabyte (MB) = 1,024 kilobytes or 1,048,576 bytesGigabyte (GB) = 1,024 megabytes or 1,073,741,824 bytesTerabyte (TB) = 1,024 gigabytes or 1,099,511,627,776 bytes
This information is vital because when a computer operating system or program reports the available space on a drive, it displays the overall total of available bytes or references them by one of the prefixes. So, an OS that indicates a total space of 70.4 GB actually has around 75,591,424,409 bytes of storage space.
Advertised vs. Actual
Since consumers don’t think in base-2 mathematics, manufacturers decided to rate most drive capacities based on the standard base-10 numbers with which we’re all familiar. Therefore, one gigabyte equals one billion bytes, while one terabyte equals one trillion bytes. This approximation was not much of a problem back when we used the kilobyte. Still, each level of increase in the prefix also increases the total discrepancy of the actual space compared to the advertised space. Here is a quick reference to show the amount that the actual values differ compared to the advertised for each common referenced value:
Megabyte difference = 48,576 bytesGigabyte difference = 73,741,824 bytesTerabyte difference = 99,511,627,776 bytes
Based on this, for each gigabyte that a drive manufacturer claims, it is over-reporting the amount of disk space by 73,741,824 bytes or roughly 70.3 MB of disk space. Suppose a manufacturer advertises an 80 GB (80 billion bytes) hard drive. In this case, the actual disk space is around 74.5 GB of space, roughly 7 percent less than advertised. This practice isn’t correct for all the drives and storage media on the market, which is where consumers have to be careful. Most hard drives are reported based on the advertised values, where a gigabyte is one billion bytes. On the other hand, most flash media bases storage on actual memory amounts. So a 512 MB memory card has exactly 512 MB of data capacity. The industry has been changing on this as well. For instance, an SSD may be listed as a 256 GB model but have 240 GB of space. SSD makers set aside extra room for dead cells and binary vs. decimal difference.
Formatted vs. Unformatted
For any type of storage device to be functional, there must be some method for the computer to know which bits stored on it relate to the specific files. Drive formatting helps with this. The types of drive formats can vary depending on the computer, but some of the more common ones are FAT16, FAT32, and NTFS. In each formatting scheme, a portion of the storage space is allocated to catalog the data on the drive. This process enables the computer or another device to read and write the data to the drive correctly. When a drive is formatted, the functional storage space of the drive is less than its unformatted capacity. The amount by which formatting reduces space varies depending upon the type of formatting used and the amount and size of the various files on the system. Since it varies, manufacturers can’t quote the formatted capacity. Users encounter this problem more frequently with flash media storage than larger-capacity hard drives.
Read the Specs
It’s essential when you purchase a computer, hard drive, or flash memory to know how to read the specifications properly. Typically manufacturers have a footnote in the device specifications to show how it is rated. This information can help you make a better decision.
